死刑的种类 英语表达

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Capital punishment,also known as the death penalty,is the execution of a convicted criminal by the state as punishment for crimes known as capital crimes or capital offences.Historically,the execution of criminals and political opponents was used by nearly all societies—both to punish crime and to suppress political dissent.Among democratic countries around the world,all European (except Belarus) and Latin American (except Guatemala) states,many Pacific Area states (including Australia,New Zealand and Timor Leste),and Canada have abolished capital punishment,while the United States,Guatemala,and most of the Caribbean as well as some democracies in Asia (e.g.Japan and India) and Africa (e.g.Botswana and Zambia) retain it.Among nondemocratic countries,the use of the death penalty is common but not universal.
In most places that practice capital punishment today,the death penalty is reserved as punishment for premeditated murder,espionage,treason,or as part of military justice.In some countries,sexual crimes,such as adultery and sodomy,carry the death penalty,as do religious crimes such as apostasy,the formal renunciation of one's religion.In many retentionist countries (countries that use the death penalty),drug trafficking is also a capital offense.In China human trafficking and serious cases of corruption are also punished by the death penalty.In militaries around the world courts-martial have imposed death sentences for offenses such as cowardice,desertion,insubordination,and mutiny.[1]
Capital punishment is a very contentious issue.Supporters of capital punishment argue that it deters crime,prevents recidivism,and is an appropriate form of punishment for the crime of murder.Opponents of capital punishment argue that it does not deter criminals more than life imprisonment,violates human rights,leads to executions of some who are wrongfully convicted,and discriminates against minorities and the poor.
The latest country to abolish the death penalty for all crimes was Albania in early 2007
Methods of execution used to carry out capital punishment have varied over time,and include:
Asphyxiation (or strangulation)
Blood eagle (possibly a myth)
Boiling to death
Brazen Bull
Burning,especially for religious heretics and witches on the stake
Breaking wheel
Burial (alive,also known as the pit)
Colombian necktie
Crucifixion
Crushing by a weight,abruptly or as a slow ordeal - see also animals
Decapitation,or beheading (as by sword,axe or guillotine)
Disembowelment
Dismemberment
Drawing and quartering (Considered by many to be the most cruel of punishments)
Drowning
Electrocution
Explosives
Exposure in animal skin
Flaying
Gassing
Guillotine
Hanging
Impalement
Lethal injection
Iron Maiden
Kielhalen (not always lethal) and walking the plank (if not fictitious)
Poisoning
Running the gauntlet
Sawing
Scaphism and similar methods mentioned there
Shooting can be performed either
by Firing squad
by a single shooter (such as the neck shot,often performed on a kneeling prisoner,as in the PR China)
(especially collectively) by cannon or machine gun
Slow slicing
Starvation and Dehydration (sometimes as immurement)
Stoning
By being thrown from a height.Rome executed murders and traitors by flinging them from the Tarpeian Rock.Defenestration,the act of throwing someone from a window,has been used more by rebels and angry mobs than by official executions.During the Argentinian Dirty War,some victims were even pushed out of planes and into the Río de la Plata or the Atlantic Ocean to drown (this form of disappearance was termed vuelos de la muerte,"death flights").However,death flights are far from being forms of capital punishment,since the victims were not judged,but simply illegally executed.Death flights were also used during the Algerian War (1954-62) by Marcel Bigeard's paratroopers.
Various animal-related methods
Tearing apart by horses,e.g.Ancient China (using five horses) or "quartering," with four horses,as in The Song of Roland and Child Owlet
Attack/devouring by animals,such as dogs or wolves,as in Ancient Rome and the Biblical lion's den; by rodents (such as rats); by carnivorous fish (such as piranhas or sharks); by crabs or by insects (such as ants)
Poisonous stings from scorpions and bites by snakes,spiders,etc.
Crushing by elephant or trampling by a herd or by horsemen,as practiced by the Mongolian hordes
Snake pit

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